The
Karla, Bhaja and Bhedsa
Cave temples are perfect
examples of the early phase of Buddhist architecture known as the Hinayana
phase, wherein, the Buddha was represented symbolically. The characteristic
features of these early temples were two establishments, each self-contained
and consisting of a prayer hall (chaitya) and a monastery (vihara), which
contained accommodation for the monks. The square central hall was approached
through a verandah or portico and doorways led into cells for members of the
brotherhood.
The
Karla Caves
were carved somewhere around the 2nd Century BC, the time when
Buddhism was at its peak in India.
One of the main structures situated inside the Karla Caves
is that of a Chaitya Hall (prayer hall), which has been adorned with
exquisitely carved sculptures. Adding to the beauty of the Chaitya Hall is a
number of pillars, with splendid and awe-inspiring structural designs. The roof,
constructed out of teakwood, serves as the perfect testimony to the excellent
carving skills of the artisans of those times.
Since Karla Caves also used to serve as the
residence of the monks, a number of viharas (dwelling places) with arched
entrances and vaulted interiors can be seen inside. Lord Buddha has been shown
inside the caves only in symbolical forms and not in the form of images.
The
Bhaja Caves,
near the Karla Caves, are a group of 18 rock-cut caves
dating back to 200 BC. Viharas make up ten caves and one is a chaitya,
stylistically similar to the Karla
Caves. There is also
group of 14 stupas, five inside and nine outside the caves. Near the last cave
is a waterfall, which, during the monsoon season, has water that falls into a
small pool at the bottom.
The
Bhaja Caves are perfect examples of the phase
of early Buddhist architecture, belonging to the early Theravadin period.
The
Bhedsa Caves
belong to a slightly later period than the Bhaja Caves.
The Chaitya resembles the Rear Hall at Karla but is smaller. It has four
pillars, each 25 feet high, with carvings of horses, bulls and elephants
mounted by male and female riders. 26 octagonal pillars, at a height of about
10 feet, support its ribbed roof.
All
three caves, though of Buddhist origin, show different stages in the evolution
of Buddhist architecture. Unique in its depiction, do visit the caves for a
visual illustration of the changes in the history of Buddhist architecture.
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